Rreth dy jav\u00eb p\u00ebrpara se \u201cApollo 11\u201d t\u00eb nisej p\u00ebr misionin e tij n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb, astronauti i \u201cApollo 8\u201d Frank Borman, ndodhej n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vizit\u00eb kortezie n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb NASA-s. Vizita ishte planifikuar prej muajsh, por koha nuk mund t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb e keqe sesa ai moment.<\/p>\n
Astronaut\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb, po b\u00ebheshin gati t\u00eb uleshin n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa dukej sikur sovjetik\u00ebt e kishin braktisur gar\u00ebn. Mbr\u00ebmjen e 4 korrikut 1969, Borman ndodhej n\u00eb kompleksin e ambasad\u00ebs amerikane n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb, i rrethuar nga disa kozmonaut\u00eb veteran\u00eb sovjetik\u00eb, q\u00eb dukeshin n\u00eb siklet.<\/p>\n
T\u00eb nes\u00ebrmen, Borman vizitoi Qendr\u00ebn e Trajnimit t\u00eb Kosmonaut\u00ebve, ku u takua me koordinatorin e kozmonaut\u00ebve Nikolai Kamanin. Nj\u00eb nga menaxher\u00ebt e pakt\u00eb t\u00eb programeve hap\u00ebsinore sovjetike me nj\u00eb profil publik, Kamanin, ishte gjithashtu nj\u00eb hero komb\u00ebtar, q\u00eb ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb i njohur q\u00eb n\u00eb vitet 1930, kur drejtoi nj\u00eb operacion t\u00eb guximsh\u00ebm shp\u00ebtimi n\u00eb Arktik. Tani edhe ai ishte si i mpir\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Kur nj\u00eb gazetar e pyeti n\u00ebse Bashkimi Sovjetik, do t\u00eb niste nj\u00eb mision n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019ja kaluar \u201cApollo 11\u201d, Kamanin dhe kozmonaut\u00ebt sovjetik\u00eb as nuk e konfirmuan, dhe as nuk e mohuan at\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, Kamanin dinte di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn nuk ishin n\u00eb dijeni as Borman dhe as gazetar\u00ebt:Gara se kush do t\u00eb ulej i pari nj\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb, ishte e humbur.<\/p>\n
M\u00eb dat\u00ebn 3 korrik, raketa sekrete e njohur si N-1, kishte shp\u00ebrthyer n\u00eb flak\u00eb n\u00eb stacionin e larg\u00ebt t\u00eb l\u00ebshimit n\u00eb Bajkonur t\u00eb Kazakistanit, duke shkat\u00ebrruar nj\u00eb nga dy platformat e l\u00ebshimit. N\u00eb ditarin e tij privat at\u00eb nat\u00eb, Kamanin do t\u00eb shkruante i d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar:\u201dNe jemi t\u00eb d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sukses, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht tani kur astronauti amerikan Frank Borman \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebtu si mysafiri yn\u00eb. Por t\u00eb gjitha shpresat, na u shuan nga shp\u00ebrthimi i fuqish\u00ebm i raket\u00ebs 5 sekonda pas nisjes\u2026 Ky aksident na ka kthyer pas 1 apo 1 vit e gjysm\u00eb\u2026 \u201c.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara, CIA kishte p\u00ebrgatitur nj\u00eb raport si pjes\u00eb e \u201cP\u00ebrmbledhjes Ditore\u201d p\u00ebr presidentin Ri\u00e7ard Nikson p\u00ebr dat\u00ebn 5 korrik, q\u00eb fillonte k\u00ebshtu:\u201dNj\u00eb testim i madh n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb gar\u00ebs hap\u00ebsinore nga ana e sovjetike, p\u00ebrfundoi m\u00eb 3 korrik me d\u00ebshtim, si pasoj\u00eb e nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimi\u201d.<\/p>\n
D\u00ebshmi t\u00eb forta do t\u00eb vinin m\u00eb von\u00eb. N\u00eb gusht, sateliti amerikan i spiunazhit \u201cCORONA\u201d, ofroi imazhe t\u00eb detajuara t\u00eb zon\u00ebs. N\u00eb Bashkimin Sovjetik, nuk u tha asnj\u00eb n\u00eb publik p\u00ebr at\u00eb d\u00ebshtim. Dhe n\u00eb fakt sekreti i hekurt q\u00eb kishte fshehur programin e hersh\u00ebm sovjetik t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, \u200b\u200brezultoi i dobish\u00ebm, pasi sukseset fillestare u eklipsuan m\u00eb von\u00eb nga nj\u00eb seri katastrofash.<\/p>\n
Por p\u00ebrse e humb\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb gar\u00eb sovjetik\u00ebt? Ep\u00ebrsia e tyre ndaj amerikan\u00ebve n\u00eb fillimet e Epok\u00ebs s\u00eb Hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, ishte dukur gati e parikuperueshme. Duke nisur me \u201cSputnik 1\u201d, sateliti i par\u00eb artificial n\u00eb orbit\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1957, ata korr\u00ebn nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb suksesesh:njeriu i par\u00eb n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb, ulja e par\u00eb e but\u00eb e nj\u00eb anijeje n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebto arritje k\u00ebrkonin njer\u00ebz t\u00eb zgjuar, projekte t\u00eb mira, si dhe aft\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb organizuar ekipe t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr detyra t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. N\u00ebse Bashkimi Sovjetik mund t\u2019i kishte k\u00ebto, pse nuk d\u00ebrgoi dot para SHBA-s\u00eb nj\u00eb kozmonaut n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb? Ashtu si me \u00e7do ngjarje t\u00eb madhe historike, arsyet jan\u00eb komplekse, dhe nuk mund t\u00eb shpjegohen thjesht\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, dallohen disa faktor\u00eb kryesor\u00eb. S\u00eb pari, sovjetik\u00ebt hyn\u00eb m\u00eb vones\u00eb n\u00eb gar\u00ebn, se kush do t\u00eb mb\u00ebrrinte i pari n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 3 vjet pas deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb presidentit amerikan Xhon Kenedi n\u00eb majin e vitit 1961. N\u00eb vitin 1960, krye-projektuesi sovjetik Sergei Korolev, q\u00eb drejtonte kompanin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe raketore dhe hap\u00ebsinore t\u00eb vendit, mori miratimin p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb raketash t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb quajtura \u201cN\u201d deri n\u00eb vitin 1967(nga nosityel ose \u201cmbajt\u00ebse\u201d n\u00eb rusisht), me aft\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur rreth 80 ton\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb n\u00eb orbit\u00ebn e Tok\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Synimi p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e tyre ishte i paqart\u00eb:nj\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebri q\u00ebllimesh ushtarake, nj\u00eb stacion i madh hap\u00ebsinor, dhe ndoshta nisja e misioneve njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb planetin Mars.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb shtatorin e vitit 1962, filloi puna p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e tyre. Por ndryshe nga Saturn V i NASA-s n\u00eb SHBA, nuk kishte asnj\u00eb mision p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e ndonj\u00eb rakete tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb t\u00eb ishte gati p\u00ebr vitin q\u00eb vinte. N\u00eb korrikun e vitit 1963, Korolev vendosi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb si prioritet uljen e nj\u00eb kozmonauti n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb, dhe i k\u00ebrkoi inxhinier\u00ebve t\u00eb tij t\u00eb zhvillonin nj\u00eb plan gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Por ishte nd\u00ebrtimi i raket\u00ebs Saturn I n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e NASA n\u00eb majin e vitit 1964, ai q\u00eb alarmoi m\u00eb shum\u00eb inxhinier\u00ebt sovjetik\u00eb. Dy muaj m\u00eb von\u00eb, Korolev organizoi nj\u00eb takim me udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsin sovjetik Nikita Hrushov n\u00eb Kremlin, dhe e bindi at\u00eb t\u00eb miratonte nj\u00eb projekt q\u00eb mund t\u00eb mposhte Apollon, n\u00eb gar\u00ebn se cili do t\u00eb ulej m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e h\u00ebn\u00ebs. Hrushovi, e firmosi planin m\u00eb 3 gusht 1964.<\/p>\n
Por fillimi i vonuar i projektit, nuk ishte problemi i vet\u00ebm apo edhe m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Industria sovjetike e mbrojtjes, ishte kaotike n\u00eb menaxhim, n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me at\u00eb q\u00eb mund ta imagjinonim tek nj\u00eb ekonomi socialiste. Nd\u00ebrsa NASA ishte nj\u00eb sistem i centralizuar, me drejtim nga lart-posht\u00eb nga qeveria federale, programi sovjetik i hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, operonte m\u00eb shum\u00eb si nj\u00eb version socialist i nj\u00eb tregu konkurrues.<\/p>\n
Prandaj rregullat u ndoq\u00ebn vet\u00ebm n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs, dhe programi u mbajt peng nga bllokimet burokratike, dhe tekat e individ\u00ebve t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr Korolev pati nj\u00eb rivalitet t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr me ekspertin tjet\u00ebr sovjetik, Valentin Glushko, kompania e t\u00eb cilit prodhonte motor\u00eb resaktiv\u00eb me performanc\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, dhe q\u00eb punonin me karburant t\u00eb l\u00ebngsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
Glushko kishte miq me ndikim n\u00eb Partin\u00eb Komuniste, dhe aleat\u00eb n\u00eb programin hap\u00ebsinor. Ai bashk\u00ebpunoi me nj\u00eb inxhinier tjet\u00ebr, Vladimir \u00c7elomei, q\u00eb drejtonte nj\u00eb konglomerat gjigand kompanish, q\u00eb prodhonin raketa balkstike dhe silur\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1967, kur programi N-1 i Korolev po ecte me shpejt\u00ebsi p\u00ebrpara, Glushko dhe \u00c7elomei arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb siguronin miratimin nga Politbyrioja p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngritur nj\u00eb projekt paralel, t\u00eb njohur si UR-700, dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb konkurruar me raket\u00ebn h\u00ebnore t\u00eb Korolev.<\/p>\n
Megjith\u00ebse UR-700 u anullua shum\u00eb shpejt, ky konflikt shp\u00ebrndau p\u00ebr disa muaj burime shum\u00eb jetike. P\u00ebrfundimisht, Korolev dhe \u00c7elomei ran\u00eb dakord t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunonin n\u00eb nj\u00eb program t\u00eb njohur si L-1, q\u00ebllimi i vet\u00ebm i t\u00eb cilit ishte t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonte nj\u00eb ekuipazh prej 2 kozmonaut\u00ebsh rreth H\u00ebn\u00ebs, dhe t\u2019i kthente ata s\u00ebrish n\u00eb Tok\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Projekti d\u00ebshtoi, pasi raketa \u201dProton\u201d e Chelomeit, d\u00ebshtoi 3 her\u00eb t\u00eb arrinte orbit\u00ebn e Tok\u00ebs n\u00eb vitet 1967-1968. Deri n\u00eb mesin e vitit 1968, kishte nj\u00eb shans real q\u00eb sovjetik\u00ebt mund t\u2019i kishin paraprir\u00eb misionin historik t\u00eb NASA-s. Por 2 fluturimet e ardhshme t\u00eb raketave Zond-5 dhe Zond-6 n\u00eb n\u00ebntor 1968, arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb orbit\u00ebn e H\u00ebn\u00ebs, por m\u00eb pas p\u00ebsuan difekt dhe nuk u kthyen dot n\u00eb Tok\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Por programi sovjetik, vuajti edhe nga nj\u00eb problem i tret\u00eb:mungesa e parave. Investime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha u larguan nga programi hap\u00ebsinor, p\u00ebr raketat e reja balistike nd\u00ebr-kontinentale dhe arm\u00ebt b\u00ebrthamore, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ushtria sovjetike t\u00eb mund t\u00eb arrinte barazin\u00eb strategjike me Shtetet e Bashkuara.<\/p>\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Rreth dy jav\u00eb p\u00ebrpara se \u201cApollo 11\u201d t\u00eb nisej p\u00ebr misionin e tij n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb, astronauti i \u201cApollo 8\u201d Frank Borman, ndodhej n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vizit\u00eb kortezie n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb NASA-s. Vizita ishte planifikuar prej muajsh, por koha nuk mund t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb e keqe sesa ai moment. Astronaut\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb, po b\u00ebheshin gati t\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2013,"featured_media":97564,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[241,191],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-97563","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-aktualitet","8":"category-bota"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/97563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=97563"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/97563\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/97564"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97563"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=97563"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=97563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}