Sapo Amerika b\u00ebri t\u00eb ditur se nuk do ta shp\u00ebtonte vendin e varur prej saj, situata u p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzua me shpejt\u00ebsi. Teksa armiku merrte provinc\u00eb pas province, ushtar\u00ebt e qeveris\u00eb hoq\u00ebn uniformat dhe ia mbath\u00ebn. N\u00eb let\u00ebr, ushtria kishte qindra mij\u00ebra luft\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebpajisur.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb realitet, komandant\u00ebve t\u00eb pak\u00ebt besnik\u00eb iu desh t\u00eb blinin municion nga oficer\u00ebt e korruptuar t\u00eb furnizimit dhe t\u00eb paguanin me par\u00e1 n\u00eb dor\u00eb p\u00ebr ndihm\u00ebn e artileris\u00eb. Forcat speciale luftuan mir\u00eb, por trupat e rregullta shpesh kishin si komandant\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit e paaft\u00eb t\u00eb politikan\u00ebve. Ushtar\u00ebt nuk paguheshin, nd\u00ebrsa oficer\u00ebt p\u00ebrpin\u00eb buxhetin ushtarak.<\/p>\n
Qytetar\u00ebt iu q\u00ebndruan besnik\u00eb familjeve e fiseve t\u00eb tyre, jo qeveris\u00eb s\u00eb korruptuar. Shteti ishte ve\u00e7 nj\u00eb vitrin\u00eb e bukur e nd\u00ebrtuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur sponsor\u00ebt e tij amerikan\u00eb. Kur ata u larguan, shteti ran\u00eb.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebshtu ndodhi n\u00eb Vietnamin e Jugut m\u00eb 1975, dhe u p\u00ebrs\u00ebrit jav\u00ebn e kaluar n\u00eb Afganistan. Ngjashm\u00ebrit\u00eb midis dy kolapseve jan\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Ato shkojn\u00eb p\u00ebrtej d\u00ebshtimeve t\u00eb inteligjenc\u00ebs, fjalimeve me g\u00ebnjeshtra dhe aleat\u00ebve t\u00eb braktisur. N\u00eb fund, t\u00eb dy shtetet u shemb\u00ebn sepse ishin g\u00ebrryer nga korrupsioni, nj\u00eb s\u00ebmundje e lasht\u00eb e qeverive, e cila prek gjithmon\u00eb projektet shtet-nd\u00ebrtuese t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs (kujtoni edhe Irakun, Kosov\u00ebn, Bosnj\u00ebn e Haitin). Studiuesit politik\u00eb dikur e konsideronin korrupsionin nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, por shum\u00eb tani e shohin si element ky\u00e7 p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar jo thjesht pse d\u00ebshtojn\u00eb shtetet e krijuara nga Amerika, por se si funksionojn\u00eb shtetet n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n
Korrupsioni zakonisht p\u00ebrshkruhet si abuzim me postin publik p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime personale. Forma m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ryshfeti, i cili ishte i p\u00ebrhapur kudo n\u00eb Afganistan. \u201cNga certifikata e lindjes te ajo e vdekjes dhe gjith\u00e7ka midis tyre, n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre duhet t\u00eb jap\u00ebsh ryshfet\u201d, thot\u00eb Ahmad Shah Katawazai, nj\u00eb ish-diplomat afgan (Ai u p\u00ebrjashtua nga sh\u00ebrbimi pasi shkroi nj\u00eb opinion ku denonconte korrupsionin n\u00eb qeveri).<\/p>\n
Zyrtar\u00ebt e doganave, polic\u00ebt e n\u00ebpun\u00ebsit k\u00ebrkonin vazhdimisht bakshishe. Teksa taliban\u00ebt avanconin gjat\u00eb jav\u00ebve t\u00eb fundit, pagesa p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pasaport\u00eb shkoi n\u00eb mij\u00ebra dollar\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Por ryshfetet e vogla p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb tipin m\u00eb pak k\u00ebrc\u00ebnues t\u00eb korrupsionit. M\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuesja, marrja e miratimit nga qeveria p\u00ebr investime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha k\u00ebrkon t\u2019u jap\u00ebsh nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb ministrave apo komandant\u00ebve ushtarak\u00eb. Edhe m\u00eb keq, nj\u00eb post n\u00eb qeveri me akses n\u00eb ryshfete \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb komoditet i vlefsh\u00ebm m\u00eb vete.<\/p>\n
Si\u00e7 zbuloi Sarah Chayes, eksperte mbi korrupsionin, gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs q\u00eb drejtonte nj\u00eb OJQ n\u00eb Afganistan nga 2002 m\u00eb 2009, zyrtar\u00ebt lokal\u00eb shpesh i blinin postet. M\u00eb duhej t\u00eb zhvatnin, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shlyer investimin, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb iu jepnin edhe shefave nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb. Katawazai thot\u00eb se em\u00ebrimi shef policie i nj\u00eb distrikti shkonte deri n\u00eb 100 mij\u00eb dollar\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Korrupsioni i till\u00eb krijon rrjete patronazhi q\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnojn\u00eb integritetin e shtetit. Synimi kryesor i zyrtar\u00ebve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushja e misionit q\u00eb kan\u00eb p\u00ebr detyr\u00eb, por zhvatja e parave p\u00ebr familjet dhe rrethin miq\u00ebsor. Edhe para pushtimit nga Amerika, Afganistani drejtohej pjes\u00ebrisht nga rrjete patronazhi t\u00eb drejtuar nga lider\u00eb ushtarak\u00eb rajonal\u00eb.<\/p>\n
E megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7montonte t\u00eb tilla rrjete, Amerika i fuqizoi, duke paguar lider\u00ebt ushtarak\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur paqen, sipas raporteve t\u00eb Inspektorit Special t\u00eb P\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr Rind\u00ebrtimin e Afganistanit (SIGAR), nj\u00eb autoritet amerikan mbik\u00ebqyrjeje. Afgan\u00ebt u b\u00ebn\u00eb shpejt t\u00eb pak\u00ebnaqur me korrupsionin qeveritar dhe m\u00eb mir\u00ebprit\u00ebs p\u00ebr taliban\u00ebt.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb studim m\u00eb 2015 nga Transparency International citonte epifanin\u00eb e nj\u00eb politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsi: \u201cAta q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00eb d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb par\u00e1 n\u00eb maj\u00eb t\u00eb sistemit dhe ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb maj\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb mbrojtje p\u00ebr ata posht\u00eb, \u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra se si funksionon mafia\u201d.<\/p>\n
Para 2009-\u00ebs, Amerika nuk i kushtoi v\u00ebmendjen e duhur korrupsionit. Chayes u b\u00eb k\u00ebshilltare e Stanley McChrystal, nj\u00eb gjeneral reformist q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb drejtonte ISAF, koalicionin e forcave t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequra nga NATO.<\/p>\n
U ngrit nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi hetimore e ISAF, me emrin Shafafiyat (\u201ctransparenc\u00eb\u201d n\u00eb Pashto), n\u00ebn drejtimin e H.R. McMaster, i cili m\u00eb pas sh\u00ebrbeu si k\u00ebshilltar i siguris\u00eb komb\u00ebtare i SHBA. Kjo solli progres n\u00eb ndalimin e mashtrimeve me prokurimet (autoritetet anti-korrupsion t\u00eb qeveris\u00eb afgane m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti p\u00ebrndiqnin armiqt\u00eb politik\u00eb).<\/p>\n
Por n\u00ebn nj\u00eb seri komandant\u00ebsh, Shafafiyati u reduktua. N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e ofensiv\u00ebs p\u00ebrfundimtare nga taliban\u00ebt, shteti ishte kaq shum\u00eb i korruptuar saq\u00eb shum\u00eb nga guvernator\u00ebt b\u00ebn\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje me xhihadist\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar krah.<\/p>\n
Ushtria afgane ishte e pap\u00ebrgatitur p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar, numri i ushtar\u00ebve ishte i fryr\u00eb nga \u201cushtar\u00ebt fantazma\u201d, emra t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb list\u00ebpagesa nga komandant\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb vjedhur pagat e tyre.<\/p>\n
Amerikan\u00ebt n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb moshe mund ta mbajn\u00eb mend termin \u201cushtar\u00eb fantazma\u201d q\u00eb nga koha e Vietnamit, kur komandant\u00eb t\u00eb korruptuar p\u00ebrdornin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin sistem. Ndoshta \u00e7ereku i emrave t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb Vietnamit t\u00eb Jugut (ARVN) n\u00eb delt\u00ebn e lumit Mekong m\u00eb 1975 ishin fals. Disa oficer\u00eb t\u00eb ARVN ishin biznesmen\u00eb brilant\u00eb: nj\u00eb kolonel vietnamezojugor urdh\u00ebronte bresh\u00ebri t\u00eb kot artilerie me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb shiste g\u00ebzhojat e predhave p\u00ebr skrap. Ashtu si n\u00eb Afganistan, forcat e ushtris\u00eb e t\u00eb policis\u00eb p\u00ebrfitonin edhe nga tregtia e heroin\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Konkluzioni i nj\u00eb raporti m\u00eb 1978 p\u00ebr r\u00ebnien e Vietnamit t\u00eb Jugut \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebsoj si ai i 31 korrikut t\u00eb tanish\u00ebm p\u00ebr Afganistanin. Vietnamez\u00ebt besonin se korrupsioni ishte nj\u00eb \u201cs\u00ebmundje themelore gjer\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr kolapsin p\u00ebrfundimtar\u201d. Problemi ishte diagnostikuar nga oficer\u00eb mendjendritur q\u00eb n\u00eb vitet \u201860. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb, pse Amerika refuzoi ta trajtonte si nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje serioze kur pushtoi Afganistanin, dekada m\u00eb pas?<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje \u00ebsht\u00eb se kjo do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje n\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb dy dekadave t\u00eb fundit, shum\u00eb studiues e kan\u00eb par\u00eb korrupsionin si nj\u00eb form\u00eb qeverisjeje m\u00eb vete. Ai t\u00eb kujton shtetet pre-moderne q\u00eb Francis Fukuyama, nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar politik, i quan qeveri \u201ct\u00eb personalizuara\u201d, ku pushteti bazohet n\u00eb lidhjet familjare e miq\u00ebsore n\u00eb vend t\u00eb institucioneve shtet\u00ebrore. Shtete t\u00eb tilla kryesisht preokupohen me qet\u00ebsimin e komandant\u00ebve t\u00eb armatosur, duke iu dh\u00ebn\u00eb atyre nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimeve ekonomike.<\/p>\n
Ky p\u00ebrshkrim vlen edhe p\u00ebr mafiat, sistemet feudale si ato t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs mesjetare, dhe p\u00ebr regjimet e lider\u00ebve ushtarak\u00eb n\u00eb Vietnamin e Jugut dhe Afganistan. Shtete si k\u00ebto mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb stabilizuara n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre. Por atyre iu mungon besnik\u00ebria dhe kohezioni i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb mposhtur nj\u00eb kryengritje t\u00eb disiplinuar ideologjike, si ajo e komunist\u00ebve vietnamez\u00eb apo e taliban\u00ebve.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr problem \u00ebsht\u00eb se nd\u00ebrhyrjet amerikane u udh\u00ebhoq\u00ebn nga forcat e armatosura, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb pritura p\u00ebr raportime optimiste dhe mendim afatshkurt\u00ebr. Oficer\u00ebt ushtarak\u00eb \u201cjan\u00eb tep\u00ebr aktiv\u00eb n\u00eb b\u00ebrjen e gj\u00ebrave brenda afatit t\u00eb rotacionit t\u00eb tyre n\u00ebnt\u00ebmujor, \u00e7ka nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr luft\u00ebn kund\u00ebr korrupsionit\u201d, thot\u00eb Mark Pyman nga CurbingCorruption, shoqat\u00eb monitoruese.<\/p>\n
Mr Pyman, i ciliu kryesoi studimin e Transparency International, thot\u00eb se oficer\u00ebt n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e hershme t\u00eb pushtimit mburreshin q\u00eb kishin vendosur paqe n\u00eb distriktet e tyre duke paguar lider\u00ebt ushtarak\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Agjencit\u00eb e ndihmave, nd\u00ebrkaq, kan\u00eb zakonin e dyshimt\u00eb t\u00eb gjykimit t\u00eb suksesit t\u00eb bazuar mbi shumat e parave q\u00eb mbledhin dhe n\u00ebse i kan\u00eb shpenzuar t\u00eb gjitha.<\/p>\n
Kjo \u00e7on te nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr problem q\u00eb ka lidhje: shpenzimi i parave me boll\u00ebk n\u00eb vende t\u00eb varfra shkakton korrupsion. N\u00eb Vietnamin e Jugut dhe n\u00eb Afganistan, influksi i madh i dollar\u00ebve amerikan\u00eb shkaktoi val\u00eb inflacioni q\u00eb fshiu pagat e sektorit publik (Afganistani, me GDP rreth 20 miliard dollar\u00eb n\u00eb 2020, mori 145 miliard dollar\u00eb si ndihma amerikane midis 2001 e 2021. Inflacion mesatar ishte 17.5% n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn 2003-08).<\/p>\n
Asnj\u00ebra nga qeverit\u00eb nuk kishte kapacitetin p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbledhur mjaftuesh\u00ebm takse p\u00ebr pagat e ushtar\u00ebve dhe sh\u00ebrbyesve civil\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur ritmin. Edhe punonj\u00ebs t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin publik u detyruan t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin ryshfete p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur veten.<\/p>\n
Prej k\u00ebndej vjen edhe rekomandimi i ekspert\u00ebve antikorrupsion q\u00eb n\u00eb vende si Afganistani ndihma duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb me kursim dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohet te arritjet n\u00eb vend t\u00eb shumave t\u00eb granteve. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u th\u00ebn\u00eb se p\u00ebr t\u2019u b\u00ebr\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Amerika \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebherazi midis vendeve m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur dhe m\u00eb idealiste n\u00eb bot\u00eb dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb pike ndoshta do t\u00eb vendos\u00eb t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr vend q\u00eb vuan. N\u00ebse nuk arrin ta kuptoj\u00eb q\u00eb dollar\u00ebt nuk mund t nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb nj\u00eb qeveri reale, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr false.<\/p>\n
Marr\u00eb nga The Economist-P\u00ebrshtati: SYRI.net<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sapo Amerika b\u00ebri t\u00eb ditur se nuk do ta shp\u00ebtonte vendin e varur prej saj, situata u p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzua me shpejt\u00ebsi. Teksa armiku merrte provinc\u00eb pas province, ushtar\u00ebt e qeveris\u00eb hoq\u00ebn uniformat dhe ia mbath\u00ebn. N\u00eb let\u00ebr, ushtria kishte qindra mij\u00ebra luft\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebpajisur. N\u00eb realitet, komandant\u00ebve t\u00eb pak\u00ebt besnik\u00eb iu desh t\u00eb blinin municion nga […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2031,"featured_media":198955,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[231],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-198954","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-lajme"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2031"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198954"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198954\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/198955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198954"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=198954"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zjarr.tv\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=198954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}